Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. Juha Suoranta & Hanna Lehtimki: Children in the Information Society: The Case of Finland (New Literacies and Digital Epistemologies). Finland consists of 19 regions, called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. [131], The county of Eastern Uusimaa (It-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.[134]. Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. Why? [190] The start of commercial operations for the completed reactor in Finland can lead to an increase of up to 20 TWh in EU nuclear power generation in 2022. The Soviet Union launched the Winter War on 30 November 1939 in an effort to annex Finland. Encyclopdia Britannica. Many regions have strongly branded traditional delicacies, such as Tampere has mustamakkara[356] and Kuopio has kalakukko. Among the smaller European organisations are the Nordic Council, the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrd Group. Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. [71] The Greek city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. Politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states, of which Russia is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. [145], In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps/Carpathians. The Roman Empire did not attach a strong identity to the concept of continental divisions. The next largest cities in order of population are Madrid, Saint Petersburg, Milan, Barcelona, Berlin, and Rome each having over 3 million residents. And the World's Most Educated Country Is Educational Schizophrenia in Finland |Teivo Teivainen, "Finland: the only country where fathers spend more time with kids than mothers", Sauna, viina ja terva Potilaan Lkrilehti, "Finnish sauna culture steams up UNESCO Heritage List", Finnish post honours Moomin creator Jansson, "Finland's Tove Jansson and the Moomin story", "How the Finns stopped the Soviets with this polka song", "Finnish jenkka song took over Japan's department stores", "Guns N' Roses Can Agree on at Least One Thing: This Finnish Saxophonist Rocks", "Finnish metropolises vie to win Capital of Metal", "Finland stage world's first heavy metal knitting championship", "List of Winners Golden Globes Best Foreign Film", "Finnish Independence Day: Galas, protests and war memories", "Agreeing on History Adaptation as Restorative Truth in Finnish Reconciliation, Mads Larsen, Literature Film Quarterly", "Kriitikot valitsivat kaikkien aikojen parhaan kotimaisen elokuvan", Uuno armeijan leiviss ja muut Turhapuro elokuvat, YLE: Syke, Sorjonen ja Suomi Love myyvt maailmalla, mutta Presidentti ei maistunut kriitikoille, "World Press Trends: Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet", "Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007", "The black sausage is the pride of Tampere", "Top 10 Finnish Pastries You Have to Try", Kalat, joita suomalaiset syvt nyt eniten: Yksi ylivoimainen suosikki, Salmon soup is one of many Lappish wonders, "Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Juhannuskokko", "Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura: Koivunoksia ja maitoruokia", "Tnn on vietetty laskiaista mutta tiedtk, mist pivss on oikein kyse? Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these group (notably Greek, Basque and Celtic). [4] Constitutional amendments which came into effect in 1991 and 1992, as well as a new constitution enacted in 2000 (subsequently amended in 2012), have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office that appoints the Prime Minister as elected by Parliament, appoints and dismisses the other ministers of the Finnish Government on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, opens parliamentary sessions, and confers state honors. Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population. During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism. On 21 September 1990, Finland unilaterally declared the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete, following the German reunification decision nine days earlier.[95]. [177] In 2017, Finland's GDP reached 224 billion.[178]. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian empire was formed; 1871 saw the unifications of both Italy and Germany as nation-states from smaller principalities.[170]. Michael Frank: Paneuropisches Picknick Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Sddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010. [210][211][212] Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20million people. [clarification needed] Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and ninth in Europe. All have over 10 million residents,[307] and as such have been described as megacities. [115] The invaders, who became known as Tatars, were mostly Turkic-speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty. France capitulated in June 1940. According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinist) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs. This article is about the continent. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact. [119] Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Western capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the Eurasian eagle-owl. [26][27][28], The earliest written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three runestones. Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler "Togliatti, Tito and the Shadow of Moscow 1944/45-1948: Post-War Territorial Disputes and the Communist World", In: Journal of European Integration History, (2/2014). Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. The country also received its first ever female Prime minister Anneli Jtteenmki in 2003, although she had to resign after only ten weeks holding the position due to the Iraq leak. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries. Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins and whales. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, other ministers, and the Chancellor of Justice. The Finnish sauna culture was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.[317][318]. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. Niinist's election as a member of the National Coalition Party marks the first time since 1946 that a Finnish President is not a member of either the Social Democratic Party or the Centre Party. [175] Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. After the Second World War the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin,[257] and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades. There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas. However, two more Spanish armadas failed to invade England (2nd Spanish Armada and 3rd Spanish Armada). [332] The first fictional film, The Moonshiners, was released in 1907. [239] Languages in adjacent areas show significant overlaps (such as in English, for example). [25], Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[26] Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year. [71] In 508 BCE, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens. [51] Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary, called the Holocene. The military YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Around 440million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea. The richer states tend to be in the West, followed by Central Europeans, while some of the Eastern Europe economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history. In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. How to make the data count? [41] This was endorsed by the Russian Empire and introduced the convention that would eventually become commonly accepted. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within several multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd), and low worker hardship (127th). In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman. All other American Indian tribes 270,141: 12,606: 135,032: 11,850: 429,629 Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler in power of what became Nazi Germany.[196][197]. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. [147], The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. Floorball, in terms of registered players, occupies third place after football and ice hockey. [269] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselk ridges that run across southern Finland. [194] Finland's first railway was opened between Helsinki and Hmeenlinna in 1862,[195][196] and today it forms part of the Finnish Main Line, which is more than 800 kilometers long. The names for Finland in its Sami languages are: Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. This was followed by the Lapland War of 19441945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland. The Indian was a common danger, demanding united action. This 2023 Outlook Survey was conducted by IAB to provide the digital ad-supported ecosystem with a forward-looking view into the 2023 ad spending marketplace (including both spend levels and strategies) being projected by buy-side ad investment decision-makers, primarily at Finland rejected Marshall aid, in apparent deference to Soviet desires. [31] Europe's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer Strabo at the River Don. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. [39] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture. The question of defining a precise eastern boundary of Europe arises in the Early Modern period, as the eastern extension of Muscovy began to include North Asia. [39] The transition of Europe to being a cultural term as well as a geographic one led to the borders of Europe being affected by cultural considerations in the East, especially relating to areas under Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian influence. The European Union is now the largest economy in the world. The average number of children per female of child-bearing age is 1.52. GDP (PPP) per capita of European countries in 2021. Dornbusch, Rudiger; Nlling, Wilhelm P.; Layard, Richard G. "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study. [208] The Soviet Union lost around 27million people (mostly civilians) during the war, about half of all Second World War casualties. [235] The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyvskyl, Kuopio, and Lahti. [128] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to 30C (22F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below 30C (22F) are rare. "The Muslims in Europe". However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Second World War, again, damaged much of Europe's industries. [76] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands were executed or died from malnutrition and disease. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. Europe had a total population of about 745 million (about 10% of the world population) in 2021. [362], There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenisyyspiv). [114] Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. In 988, Vladimir the Great adopted Orthodox Christianity as the religion of state. The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. [126] During this period, more than 100 plague epidemics swept across Europe. The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Central and Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe (Scandinavia, Spain, etc.). The period between the year 1000 and 1250 is known as the High Middle Ages, followed by the Late Middle Ages until c. 1500. [250], The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. [171] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover. Expanding from their base in central Italy beginning in the third century BCE, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe by the turn of the millennium. [174] The unemployment rate was 6.8% in 2022. [270] For those aged 1524 it was 22.4%.[270]. [257] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami. ", "Pespallo otti sata vuotta sitten syntyaskelia", "Leijonien MM-finaalista historian katsotuin jkiekko-ottelu Suomessa! Finland maintained a market economy. Hyvinvointipalvelut eivt paranna sijoitusta", "Small enterprises grow faster than the big ones", "Sata suurinta tynantajaa: Nokia ji kakkoseksi", "Tilastokeskus: Tyllisyysasteen trendiluku heinkuussa 73,7 prosenttia", "Statistics Finland: Transport and Tourism", "Own-account worker households' consumption has grown most in 20012006", "Finland: Globalization Insurance: Finland's Leap of Caution", "Olkiluoto kolmonen viivstyy taas turbiinin huolto kest odotettua pidempn", "Journey deep into the Finnish caverns where nuclear waste will be buried for millennia", "A 10-Point Plan to Reduce the European Union's Reliance on Russian Natural Gas", "Top Gear: Finland's Busiest Roads Revealed", "Tulihevonen saapui ensi kerran Hmeenlinnaan 150 vuotta sitten", "Freedom of the Seas Fact Sheet Royal Caribbean Press Center", "Europe:: Finland The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "The Global Competitiveness Report 20072008", "Corruption Perceptions Index 2012 Results", "Ranking of economies Doing Business World Bank Group", "Porvoo Finland: An Easy Day Trip From Helsinki", "Porvoo City Tour | Best To Do Activities in Finland Finland Tour", Matkailutilinpito: Matkailun talous- ja tyllisyysvaikutukset 20162017, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, "Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics", "Helsinki Airport is designed for smooth travelling", "The Real Home of Santa Claus in Finland", "Santa Claus Reindeer rides & excursions in Rovaniemi Lapland Finland", "Discover the winter magic with Huskies and Reindeers", "Top 6 Theme Parks And Amusement Parks in Finland", "5 Finnish cities that deserve a tourist visit", "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Kirkkonummen Sanomat: Nurmijrvi ilmi voimistui heinkuussa Kirkkonummella vkiluvun kasvu 1,2%, Kaupunkien ja kuntien lukumrt ja vesttiedot Kuntaliitto, Kuntien pinta-alat ja asukastiheydet Kuntaliitto, "Helsingin seudun vieraskielinen vest yli kaksinkertaistuu vuoteen 2035 menness", "Twice a minority: foreign immigration to Swedish-speaking communities in Finland", "Discovering Swedish-speaking municipalities: Kristinestad", "Discovering Swedish-speaking municipalities: Jakobstad", "Discovering Swedish-speaking municipalities: Nykarleby", "Swedish language courses for foreigners in land | Nordic cooperation", "Appendix table 2. Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are Strasbourg with Latin (Romance) and Germanic or Trieste with Latin, Slavic and Germanic roots. This description is simplified. [a] [262][263] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options). [309][310], In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities, which defined that there are 16 of them were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities, however, enjoying special status in the legislation. When? [92] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialized one. Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982. [2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. Although Finland's television offerings are largely known for their domestic dramas,[345][346] there are also internationally known drama series, such as Syke[fi] and Bordertown. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. [63] Even before the war there were conspiring politicians, among them Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who had supported Gustav III's coup in 1772. [196][223][224][225], European integration also grew after the Second World War. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[116]. The country lies between the latitudes 60N and 70N, and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US. A long-term national public health program called the North Karelia Project[288] was set up to tackle the problem. Christopher Columbus reached the New World in 1492, and Vasco da Gama opened the ocean route to the East linking the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in 1498. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008. Spinei, Victor. WebFind the latest sports news and articles on the NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, NCAA college football, NCAA college basketball and more at ABC News. Frans Eemil Sillanp was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. WebFinland (Finnish: Suomi (); Swedish: Finland [fnland] ()), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta; Swedish: Republiken Finland (listen to all)), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain and at its heart lies the North German Plain. In December 2017 the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do. [205] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. [246]) and in the autonomous region of land, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland. Web2023 Outlook Survey: Ad Spend, Opportunities, and Strategies for Growth. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only a few jobs outside the system. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier. [146] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy. The relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009. This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million). [248] In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. [74][75][76] In the course of the 5th century BCE, several of the Greek city states would ultimately check the Achaemenid Persian advance in Europe through the Greco-Persian Wars, considered a pivotal moment in world history,[77] as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilisation. 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