The need for clear sightlines may make the use of regular speaker cabinets unacceptable; instead, slim, low-profile speakers are often used instead. This time is also used by the system technicians to get familiar with the specific combination of gear that is going to be used on the tour and how it acoustically responds during the show. [33][140] Stephen Clark intended to continue operating the Dakota and preserve the garden to the west. Antique Phonograph Society activities include our: Free online Forum and Facebook sites (free) Library of free articles and information as well as over 30,000 pages of phonograph and record research material for paid members ; Quarterly journal, The Antique Phonograph with articles for new hobbyists as well as advanced collectors Hilliard, J., "Historical Review of Horns Used for Audience-Type Sound Reproduction". [28], The Dakota was designed as a fireproof structure. Nevertheless, many small venues still use a single full-range speaker system, as it is easier to set up and less expensive. Tucked away for decades in a cabinet in Thomas Edisons laboratory, just behind the cot in which the great inventor napped, a trove of wax cylinder phonograph records has been brought back to life after more than a century of silence. "Quick and dirty" example of a pine board coated with 1-5 coats of Dewaxed Dark shellac (a darker version of traditional orange shellac), "4. [160] The LPC gave craftsmanship awards to the restoration architects, Ehrenkrantz & Eckstut Architects and Remco, in 1994. Touring systems range from mid-sized systems for bands playing nightclub and other mid-sized venues to large systems for groups playing stadiums, arenas and outdoor festivals. These are used to combine Philco's radio manufacturing plant in Sandusky, Ohio, had produced the all-transistor car radio unit for the Chrysler Corporation, which also used Philco's surface-barrier transistors in its circuitry design. The location of Clark's apartment was intended to attract tenants who were still accustomed to low-rise row houses. [154] According to the Chicago Tribune, the Dakota became a makeshift memorial for Lennon, especially among fans of his rock band The Beatles. A high-pass (low-cut) and/or low-pass (high-cut) filter may also be included on equalizers or audio consoles. Below is a complete list of collections currently available in the Seeker's Notes: Hidden Mystery game, that includes each item needed to combine that collection. [32][33] From the beginning, the building was equipped with "a complete system of electric communication", including electric bells that were used to request the elevators. With a melting point of 75C (167F), it can be classed as a thermoplastic;[13] used to bind wood flour, the mixture can be moulded with heat and pressure. The major component of the aliphatic component is aleuritic acid, whereas the main alicyclic component is shellolic acid. [17][18][27] The materials and colors were selected to not only complement each other but also to soften the appearance of the building's shadows and massing. [11][14] Christopher Gray of The New York Times described the Dakota as one of several apartment buildings that were famous enough "to maintain their names simply in common custom". [17][70] The service elevators and staircases are placed near the center of each side of the courtyard. [2] They followed other radio makers such as RCA, Atwater-Kent, Zenith Electronics, Freshman Masterpiece, FADA Radio (Frank A. These technicians remain busy during the show, making sure the SR system is operating properly and that the system is tuned correctly, as the acoustic response of a room or venue will respond differently throughout the day depending on the temperature, humidity, and number of people in the room or space. High-pass and low-pass filters restrict a given channel's bandwidth extremes. [26][105] In early October 1880, about two weeks before construction began, the Real Estate Record and Guide reported that the building was to be a "residential hotel" with between 40 and 50 suites, each with five to twenty rooms. For applications where a flatter (less shiny) sheen is desired, products containing amorphous silica, such as "Shellac Flat", may be added to the dissolved shellac. Mission Control) at Building 30 of NASA's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Sound for live theater, operatic theater, and other dramatic applications may pose problems similar to those of churches; theaters may be in heritage buildings where speakers and wiring is required to blend in with the architecture. It presents the different curricular and co-curricular offerings of the different units of the institution based on the newly-signed Enhanced Basic Education Law of 2013 as part of the Philippines education reform to be at par with the neighboring ASEAN nations and the rest of Between these rolled beams were brick or terracotta arches. EUR 7.05. [8] Buoyed by their success, Beauchamp joined the Dopyera brothers in forming a company to pursue their invention. The latterorange shellacis the traditional shellac used for decades to finish wooden wall paneling, kitchen cabinets and tool handles. The sound bore no resemblance to typical American country music. If your protocol is a sub-study of an existing study, please include a brief description of the parent study, the current status of the parent study, and how the sub-study will fit with the parent study. Parametric equalizers first became popular in the 1970s and have remained the program equalizer of choice for many engineers since then. Money problems and disagreements followed, and the Doperyas won a legal battle against Beauchamp over the company, then went on their own to form "the Dobro Corporation", Dobro being an acronym for DOpyera and BROthers. In 1930 the company sold 600,000 radios, grossed $34 million, and was the leading radio maker in the country. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish. In some regions or markets, the distinction between the two terms is important, though the terms are considered interchangeable in many professional circles.[4]. [46] But by January of 1974, Ford was eager to rid itself of the home products in Philco's lines, which was not doing well. It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish.Shellac functions as a tough natural primer, sanding sealant, tannin-blocker, odour-blocker, stain, and high-gloss varnish. Shellac (/ l k /) is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. Like all steel guitars, it can play unlimited glissandi (sliding notes) and deep vibraticharacteristics it shares with the human voice. The shellac locked the wire turns in place, provided extra insulation, prevented movement and vibration and reduced buzz and hum. Beranek, L., "Loudspeakers and Microphones". . In 1962, the Philco 2000 Model 212 computer was chosen for use in the North American Aerospace Defense Command's famous Cheyenne Mountain Complex. [25][30][64][b] The superstructure includes rolled steel beams on each floor, spaced every 3 to 4ft (0.91 to 1.22m) and measuring 6 to 12in (150 to 300mm) deep. Playing this way became popular throughout Hawaii and spread internationally. The 1990s saw the introduction of line arrays, where long vertical arrays of loudspeakers in smaller cabinets are used to increase efficiency and provide even dispersion and frequency response. [26][30][64] The perimeter walls tapered in thickness from 28in (710mm) at the first story to 16in (410mm) above the sixth story. [36], In 1959, Philco developed and produced the world's first battery-powered portable transistorized TV. Sound reinforcement in a large format system typically involves a signal path that starts with the signal inputs, which may be instrument pickups (on an electric guitar or electric bass) or a microphone that a vocalist is singing into or a microphone placed in front of an instrument or guitar amplifier. [35], The construction of Central Park in the 1860s spurred construction in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, but similar development in the Upper West Side was slower to come. [21] Use of shellac for records was common until the 1950s and continued into the 1970s in some non-Western countries. Most compressors available are designed to allow the operator to select a ratio within a range typically between 1:1 and 20:1, with some allowing settings of up to :1. The drums are processed to be perceived as sounding more punchy and full. [19] This was not successful. The present paper elaborates on the notion of alienation, based on Marx's ideas, and traces it in the character of Tom Wingfield, one of the major characters in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie. Frequencies which are too loud, such as a "boomy" sounding bass drum, or an overly resonant dreadnought guitar can be cut. [a] All of these houses were designed by Hardenbergh. This type of feedback is intentional, so the sound engineer does not try to prevent it. A signal can be equalized (e.g., by adjusting the bass or treble of the sound), compressed (to avoid unwanted signal peaks), or panned (that is sent to the left or right speakers). While, American writer Lisa Taddeo, whose first novel Animal was published last year by Simon & Schuster, takes part in the English version of the podcast. [28][40] This breezeway had been installed during the 1920s to protect residents from inclement weather. [4], The Dakota is one of several apartment buildings on Central Park West that are primarily identified by an official name. Shop by department, purchase cars, fashion apparel, collectibles, sporting goods, cameras, baby items, and everything else on eBay, the world's online marketplace Reno is mentioned 7,323 times on our forum: Vegas to Reno (14 replies) Traveling through Reno to Denver, any suggestions? [7] The guitar brand was called "Rickenbacker" because they thought the name was easier to pronounce than "Beauchamp" (pronounced Beecham) and because Adolph's cousin, Eddie Rickenbacker, an American pilot and WWI flying ace, was a well-known name in the U.S. at that time.[7]. Shellac comes from shell and lac, a calque of French laque en cailles, 'lac in thin pieces', later gomme-laque, 'gum lac'. [citation needed] But damaged shellac can easily be touched up with another coat of shellac (unlike polyurethane, which chemically cures to a solid) because the new coat merges with and bonds to the existing coat(s). [130] By the early 1890s, there was a waiting list for vacant apartments. A sound reinforcement system is the combination of microphones, signal processors, amplifiers, and loudspeakers in enclosures all controlled by a mixing console that makes live or pre-recorded sounds louder and may also distribute those sounds to a larger or more distant audience. Parametric equalizers are often built into each channel in mixing consoles, typically for the mid-range frequencies. The building was managed by the Clark family for eight decades and remained largely unchanged during that time. This is where the sound engineer can adjust the volume and tone of each input, whether it is a vocalist's microphone or the signal from an electric bass, and mix, equalize and add effects to these sound sources. In 1961, the company was purchased by Ford and, from 1966, renamed "Philco-Ford". The 10 Best Audio Equipment Repair Services Near Me. The expense of building multiple necks on the same instrument made them unaffordable for most players, and a more sophisticated solution was needed. [22] Chrysler made the all-transistor car radio, Mopar model 914HR, available in Fall 1955 for its new line of 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars, as a $150 option ($1,517 in 2021 dollars [23]). [14] For that reason, scores of different tunings are available for lap steel players.[15]. Radio impacts society by enabling instant communication of news content to multiple places at the same time. Shellac (/lk/)[1] is a resin secreted by the female lac bug on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. [202] For example, "domestic employees, messengers and trades people" are required to use the service elevators, and healthcare and childcare providers must be accompanied by clients when they use the passenger elevators. [45] By September, Ford and GTE Sylvania Philco's largest competitor announced the sale of the non-automotive parts of the business, with the exception of the new refrigerator range, which Ford also kept. [4] Rather, they re-tuned the guitars to make them sound a major chord when all six strings were strummed, now known as an "open tuning". The systems use "an array of microphones connected to a computer [which is] connected to an array of loudspeakers." Some applications use shellac mixed with other natural or synthetic resins, such as pine resin or phenol-formaldehyde resin, of which Bakelite is the best known, for electrical use. [193] Another prospective tenant sued the Dakota's board in 2015 after the board prohibited him from moving into a unit he had bought 16 years prior. In contrast, a live music club needs a mixing board designed for live sound, an onstage monitor system, and a multicore snake cable running from the stage to the mixer. Web . Historically, the most commonly sold shellac is called "orange shellac", and was used extensively as a combination stain and protectant for wood panelling and cabinetry in the 20th century. As with any such measurement tool, it must always be verified using actual human ears. Jimmy Day, another prominent steel player of the day, did the same thing, but reversed which strings were affected by the two pedals. [67][84] The largest drawing room in the building was 49ft (15m) long[65] and contained a classical fluted column instead of a partition. It was sold to Westinghouse Broadcasting in 1953 and operates today as KYW-TV, a CBS owned and operated station. One type of directional microphone, called cardioid mics, are widely used in live sound, because they reduce pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid unwanted feedback from the stage monitor system. "Wax over shellac" (an application of buffed-on paste wax over several coats of shellac) is often regarded as a beautiful, if fragile, finish for hardwood floors. That's a week out from now. [17][70] Ceiling heights ranged from 15ft (4.6m) at the first story to 12ft (3.7m) at the eighth story. The board of directors decided to instead conduct a smaller-scale renovation. For example: a 1-lb. Large-scale sound reinforcement systems are designed, installed, and operated by audio engineers and audio technicians. [38], A "handsome doorway", measuring 10ft (3.0m) tall,[60] also led from 73rd Street to the courtyard. [95][96] This was in part because of the West Side's steep topography and its dearth of attractions compared with the East Side. [144] Residents tended to live in the building for several decades, leading The New York Times to observe: "It is reported that no Dakotan leaves the building permanently unless it is feet first". An example of artistic compression is the typical heavy compression used on the various components of a modern rock drum kit. [102][103] Between 1880 and 1885, more than ninety apartment buildings were developed in the city. [7] He enlisted the aid of a skilled craftsman to fashion a guitar neck and body to connect to his device. [17][30], The building's main entrance is a double-height archway on 72nd Street to the south. This is very different from the norm with music festivals and music halls, where the musicians are on stage and the audience is seated in front of the stage. Standards bodies differ in their recommendations for nominal level and headroom. [24] Shellac is used as a 'wax' coating on citrus fruit to prolong its shelf/storage life. [18] Above the sixth story is a stone cornice, which separates the seventh story and the roof from the rest of the facade. All loudspeakers, including headphones, require power amplification. [86] Artist Giora Novak occupied a minimalist space within the building's former dining room, which he decorated with his own artwork,[86][87] while interior designer Ward Bennett repurposed a servant's living area under the roof as a studio. [25][65][66] Partitions in the hallways are made of "fireproof blocks", while partitions in other parts of the building are made of either "fireproof blocks" or brick. [218], Some critics also made commentary about specific architectural elements of the Dakota. [84], Residents customized their apartments to fit their needs and, in some cases, their occupations. [32][139], Edward S. Clark died in 1933, just before the Dakota's 50th anniversary, and his brother Stephen Severin Clark took over the building's operation. [106], Construction commenced at the end of October 1880. Luwu Timur, kunjungan ini dilaksanakan untuk membangun koordinasi antara pihak Pengadilan Agama Malili dan Pemerintah Kab Lutim mengenai tingkat perceraian dan dispensasi kawin yang masih relatif tinggi. Below is a complete list of collections currently available in the Seeker's Notes: Hidden Mystery game, that includes each item needed to combine that collection. From 1920 to 1927, all radios were powered by storage batteries which were fairly expensive and often messy in the home. One tool for calibrating a sound system using either DSP or Analog Signal Processing is a Real Time Analyzer (RTA). It means the Carolina Antique Music and Phonograph Society's Fall Swap Meet is in Mooresville on the 15th of October. [2][12] He recorded with Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies. 32 volt lamps and radios, known now as "farm" radios on the antique radio market. D'Andrea Radio), and AH Grebe into the battery-powered radio business. Another interesting product was the Philco "Beam of Light" 78 RPM record players offered in 1941 and 1942. One can then use this direct signal as a near-perfect reference with which to find any differences in frequency response. I will be there, have never attended. [53][56] The sidewalk was originally made of bluestone slabs. Chapter 3: Leadership in Radio; Philco History. [173] The Dakota's co-op board, which decides whether to allow prospective tenants, has a reputation for selectivity. [12] It can thus can be considered a natural form of plastic. [35][41] After automobiles supplanted horse-drawn carriages, the Dakota banned automobiles from the courtyard[41] because the space could not support the weight of modern vehicles. The Philadelphia Storage Battery Company decided that prices of radios could be scaled for a mass market by incorporating assembly line techniques then only used by the automobile industry. The Deutsche Staatsoper in Berlin and the Hummingbird Centre in Toronto use a LARES system. In Brazil, Philco (then Philco-Hitachi) was acquired in 1989 by Itautec, becoming Itautec-Philco and in August 2005 Itautec sold Philco to Gradiente. This led to its own genre known as, "Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar", "Ray Kane, Master of Slack-Key Guitar, Dies at 82", "Tuning for Slide Guitar: Standard or Open? [28] Philco had begun selling these all-transistor phonographs in the fall of 1955 for $59.95. Emmons made other innovations to the steel guitar, adding two additional strings (known as "chromatics") and a third pedal, changes which have been adopted as standard in the modern-day E9 instrument. The Thai name for the insect and the substance is "khrang" (Thai: ). [11], The first lap steels had a smaller body, but still retained a guitar-like shape. [118] Work on the Dakota was delayed in August 1883 when the plasterers went on strike to protest the employment of non-union laborers at the site. [114] A New York Times article in 1959 described the Dakota's design as ranging "Victorian Kremlin" to "Middle Eastern Post Office",[76] while Look magazine called the building a "maze of imaginative, distinctive living". Trapezoidal-shaped enclosures became popular as this shape allowed many of them to be easily arrayed together. 32 volt lamps and radios, known now as "farm" radios on the antique radio market. [207][208], Although the Dakota has historically been home to many creative or artistic people, the building and its co-op board of directors were criticized in 2005 by former resident Albert Maysles, who had unsuccessfully tried to sell his unit to Melanie Griffith and Antonio Banderas. In North America, the Looking for A Good, Reliable Service Center to Repair a Grundig Radio. [26], Shellac is an odour and stain blocker and so is often used as the base of "all-purpose" primers. [65][69] After Edward C. Clark's death, Hardenbergh never designed another building for the Clark family;[63][117] their final collaboration, the Ontiora at Seventh Avenue and 55th Street, was similar in design to the Dakota. A club system designed for DJs needs a DJ mixer and space for record players. As you play Hidden Object Locations and Puzzles in the game, you will collect different Collection items as rewards for winning games. [143] The Dakota was one of twelve apartment buildings on Central Park West to be converted into housing cooperatives in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This has been remedied in larger productions by setting up microphones facing the audience that can be mixed into the in-ear monitor sends.[13]. [80] The building's facade was again renovated starting in 2015. A small coffeehouse where traditional folk, bluegrass or jazz groups are the main performers may have no subwoofers, and instead rely on the full-range main PA speakers to reproduce bass sounds. [63] Inside the archway is a groin-vaulted vestibule that leads to the courtyard. The faders can be used to boost or cut specific frequency bands. French, N. & Steinberg, J., "Factors Governing the Intelligibility of Speech Sounds". Dance events may be held in huge warehouses, aircraft hangars or outdoor spaces. Like other makers of the era, they offered a wide line of radios beginning with five-tube sets all the way up to high-fidelity consoles with 20 tubes in 1937-38. Cutting very low frequency sound signals (termed infrasonic, or subsonic) reduces the waste of amplifier power which does not produce audible sound and which moreover can be hard on the low-range speakers. [5][6] The root word lakh is a unit in Indian numbering system for 100,000 and presumably refers to the huge numbers of insects that swarm on host trees, up to 150 per square inch (23/cm2). [20] The row houses were in the middle of the block, where land values were lower, whereas the Dakota was built on the more valuable site next to Central Park. [35] The parqueted floors are inlaid with mahogany, oak, and cherry,[1][85] which are laid on top of the earthen subfloors and concrete slabs. The reduction or elimination of loudspeakers other than instrument amplifiers on stage has allowed for cleaner and less problematic mixing for both the front of house and monitor engineers. Churches and similar houses of worship often pose design challenges. Solid wood cabinets with veneers were replaced with cheaper wood composites covered in vinyl paper and plastic wood pieces. [157] A CNBC report in 2012 noted that one set of prospective tenants had to pay several thousand dollars for a background check, as well as submit several years' worth of financial and tax documents, and that even these measures did not guarantee that the tenants would be accepted. [29] The roof is covered with slate tiles, and dormer windows and corbeled brick chimneys protrude from the roof at multiple locations. In many situations, a sound reinforcement system is also used to enhance or alter Other steel players strictly avoided doing this, because it was considered "un-Hawaiian". [34] Christopher Gray said in 2006 that "The Dakota remains Mount Olympus in the mythology of New York apartment houses, its baronial majesty the gauge by which all others must be judged. [16] The only way to accomplish this at the time was the addition of a duplicate neck and strings on the same instrument, tuned differently. Lochner, P. & Burger, J., "The Influence of Reflections on Auditorium Acoustics". Tour sound systems are often designed with substantial redundancy features, so that in the event of equipment failure or amplifier overheating, the system will continue to function. See it at Camp Wesley, 3090 Deal Rd., Mooresville, North Carolina. Sound engineers will also provide advice on which audio components would best suit the space and its intended use, and on the correct placement and installation of these components. Existing user? [39], A glass breezeway ran along the western portion of the courtyard. Without a noise gate, the microphone for a specific instrument such as the floor tom will also pick up signals from nearby drums or cymbals. 2: Life with the Lions, Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon, Working Class Hero: The Definitive Lennon, The 30th Annual John Lennon Tribute: Live from the Beacon Theatre, NYC, Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music, Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur, Working Class Hero: A Tribute to John Lennon, Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon, Roots: John Lennon Sings the Great Rock & Roll Hits, Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for a Hand in the Snow), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dakota&oldid=1120386289, Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register, Condominiums and housing cooperatives in Manhattan, New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan, Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan, Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan, Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state), Articles using NRISref without a reference number, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using New York City Subway service templates, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with MusicBrainz place identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Second to fourth stories: 20 to 24in (510 to 610mm), Fifth and sixth stories: 16 to 20in (410 to 510mm), Seventh to ninth stories: 12 to 16in (300 to 410mm), This page was last edited on 6 November 2022, at 18:52. [37] The writer also suggested that children could play within the courtyard, but this was a minority view, since other observers believed such a usage attracted unsolicited attention. Many modern musical groups work with their front of house and monitor mixing engineers during this time to establish what their general idea is of how the show and mix should sound, both for themselves on stage and for the audience. [73], In place of dumbwaiters,[44] the building contains four service elevators and four iron staircases for servants. In 1960, NASA contracted with Philco to build the worldwide tracking station network for Project Mercury, and all subsequent man-in-space projects until the ground station network was replaced by the TDRS communication satellites in the 1990s. [40], A service driveway also runs along the western side of the main courtyard. [43][44] The company, which had supplied Ford with some of its car radios as early as the 1930s, continued to provide Ford with car and truck radio receivers; consumer product investments were also made to color television production. [135] Through the early 20th century, the Clark family retained ownership of the Dakota. The least-coloured shellac is produced when the insects feed on the kusum tree (Schleichera). An investor wrote a check for $12,000 that very night. [42] All servants entered and exited the Dakota through this driveway. The deal closed on December 11. The project was budgeted using unit pricing, since it was impossible to know how many bricks needed to be repaired until the entire facade had been examined. The building was not given its name until mid-1882, and Clark died before the Dakota was completed in October 1884. [202] Other rules include a restriction against leaving more than one car unattended in the driveway; a prohibition on "dance, vocal or instrumental instruction" in apartments; and a restriction on playing musical instruments or using a phonograph, radio, or TV loudspeaker between 11 p.m. and 9 a.m.[202] Residents cannot throw away their apartments' original fireplace mantels or doors and must instead put them in a storage area in the basement. A player piano (also known as a pianola) is a self-playing piano containing a pneumatic or electro-mechanical mechanism, that operates the piano action via programmed music recorded on perforated paper or metallic rolls, with more modern implementations using MIDI.The rise of the player piano grew with the rise of the mass-produced piano for the home, in the late 19th In smaller systems, the main outputs are often sent to an additional equalizer, or directly to a power amplifier, with one or more loudspeakers (typically two, one on each side of the stage in smaller venues, or a large number in big venues) that are connected to that amplifier. [153], The Dakota gained attention when one of its residents, musician John Lennon, was shot dead outside the building on December 8, 1980. This was for economic reason partly, as one piece of wood formed both the top and sides. Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. Shellac was in rare use as a dyestuff for as long as there was a trade with the East Indies. audio feedback through a microphone is almost universally regarded as a negative phenomenon, many electric guitarists use guitar feedback as part of their performance. In June 1955, the National Security Agency and the United States Navy entered into a contract with Philco to build a specialized scientific transistorized computer based on Philco's surface barrier transistor technology. Antique radio and phonograph repair and restoration center. [34] The courtyard provides entry to all apartments and doubles as a light court for the interiors of each apartment. [38][76] Some tenants, most of whom were friends of Stephen Clark, did not pay rent at all. In-ear monitors are headphones that have been designed for use as monitors by a live performer. After the 1956 season ended, Philco decided to discontinue the all-transistor portable 45rpm phonograph models, for transistors were too expensive compared to vacuum tubes. Reverb can give the effect of singing voice or instrument being present in anything from a small room to a massive hall, or even in a space that does not exist in the physical world. Another method of manual calibration requires a pair of high-quality headphones patched into the input signal before any processing (such as the pre-fade-listen of the test program input channel of the mixing console, or the headphone output of the CD player or tape deck). Professional sound reinforcement speaker systems often include dedicated hardware for safely flying them above the stage area, to provide more even sound coverage and to maximize sightlines within performance venues. Professional audio stores are also called "pro audio stores", "pro sound stores", "sound reinforcement" companies, "PA system companies" or "audio-visual companies", with the latter name being used when a store supplies a significant amount of video equipment for events, such as video projectors and screens. 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