The audio guide is only available in English. At the same time, the Ionic temples were characterised by their tendency to use varied and richly decorated surfaces, as well as the widespread use of light-shade contrasts. Little is known of the details of this war, but it is clear that Eretria was defeated. Built to store every artifact found on the rock and its surrounding slopes, you have access to over 4,250 objects here! The Newark Holy Stones, if genuine, would provide support for monogenesis, since they would establish that American Indians could be encompassed within Biblical history. However, the settlement survived into the late antique era, becoming a major port in the province of Old Epirus. Dans la seconde moiti du Vesicle avant JC, Athnes, suite sa victoire sur les Perses et l'tablissement de la dmocratie, prit un ascendant sur les autres Cits-tats du monde antique. [14], Between 529 and 520 BC yet another temple was built by the Pisistratids, the Old Temple of Athena, usually referred to as the Arkhaios Nes ( , "ancient temple"). The leader was an Italian archaeologist, Luigi Maria Ugolini who despite the political aims of his mission was a good archaeologist. A combination of cutting-edge modern technology and extensive research and reinvention of ancient techniques were used. Despite facing a bombing, destructive earthquakes, and petty vandalism, the Athens Acropolis has withstood the test of time to narrate many a fascinating tale. The tomb of Erotes consists of a single vaulted chamber and a dromos (entrance passageway) of stone and bricks. [64] The columns had between 40 and 48 flutings, some of them cut to alternate between a wider and a narrower fluting. Our Partners Exceptions are found in the temples of Apollo at Bassae and of Athena at Tegea, where the southern naos wall had a door, potentially allowing more light into the interior. At some time before the 13th century BC, an earthquake caused a fissure near the northeastern edge of the Acropolis. In the second half of the fifth century bc, Athens, following the victory against the Persians and the establishment of democracy, took a leading position amongst the other city-states of the ancient world. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination, attracting day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Book Acropolis tickets and discover Greeces rich, ever-evolving history. This "Persian debris" was the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890. Probably, the Hekatompedon was built where the Parthenon now stands. In the following centuries, the area was a site of conflict between the Byzantines, the Angevins of southern Italy, and the Venetians. Panel painted on the scaffolding of the Temple of Concordia site from Agrigento in 2006, 1883 reconstruction of color scheme of the entablature on a Doric temple. [4] During the fifth century BC the whole of Euboea became part of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire. The "Mound Builder" cultures span the period of roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th century CE, including the Archaic period, Woodland period (Calusa culture, Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period. "Deconstructing the Acropolis: The Acropolis Museum, Athens, opened 20 June 2009 by Bernard Tschumi Architects. The World Heritage Centre is at the forefront of the international communitys efforts to protect and preserve. [10] At the same time, the rulers of the various Hellenistic kingdoms provided copious financial resources. She studied and published extensively on color in Greek artworks, including the Archaic sphinx that crowned the grave marker of a young Atheniannow on view in Gallery 154 alongside a new color reconstruction. The paint was mostly applied to parts that were not load-bearing, whereas structural parts like columns or the horizontal elements of architrave and geison were left unpainted (if made of high-quality limestone or marble) or covered with a white stucco. The admiral Lucius Quinctius Flamininus was joined by the allied fleets of Attalus I of Pergamon and of Rhodes, and used them in besieging Eretria. Of the sumptuous sculptural decoration survive only parts of the west pediment featuring in relief the fight of the Amazons (or Amazonomachy, a usual motif for the iconography at the time). A similarly direct association is provided by the birth of Athena on the east pediment of the Parthenon, or the struggle for Attica between her and Poseidon on its west pediment. There he encountered many different mound-builder peoples who were perhaps descendants of the great Mississippian culture. Tour the most famous galleries, including the Archaic Gallery and the Parthenon Gallery. [20] During the Terminal Coles Creek period (1150 to 1250 CE), contact increased with Mississippian cultures centered upriver near St. Louis, Missouri. Despite the unavoidable damage of time, they still display their beauty and convey their inestimable artistic and historic value, preserving all the features that directly and tangibly associate them with the events and ideas of Democracy and Philosophy. Depending on the architectural order, a different number of flutings are cut into the column shaft: Doric columns have 18 to 20 flutings, Ionic and Corinthian ones normally have 24. The most consistent use of these principles is seen in the Classical Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. Atwater argued that they must be from a different group of people. The marble utilized to construct the buildings of the Acropolis was sourced from the quarries of Mount Pentelicus, a mountain to the northeast of the city. Maturin Le Petit, a Jesuit priest, met the Natchez people, as did Le Page du Pratz (1758), a French explorer. Here, most temple construction took place during the 6th and 5thcenturiesBCE. After the expulsion of Hippias in 510BCE, work on this structure was stopped: Democratic Athens had no desire to continue a monument of tyrannical self-aggrandisation. On Orthodox Good Friday, the Museum is open from 12pm to 6pm and on Orthodox Holy Saturday from 8am to 3pm. To loosen up the mathematical strictness and to counteract distortions of human visual perception, a slight curvature of the whole building, hardly visible with the naked eye, was introduced. One of the two Monte Sano Site mounds, excavated in 1967 before being destroyed for new construction at Baton Rouge, was dated at 6220 BP (plus or minus 140 years). Hernandez.[52]. The temple was reconstructed after the destruction of the city by the Romans in 198 BC: it then acquired a larger external prodomos on ameliorated foundations and was surrounded by porticoes on three sides (north, south and west). LenaweeHistory.com | Mound Builders section, The Western Historical Society 1909, reprint. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture. In a Doric triglyph frieze, blue triglyphs alternated with red metopes, the latter often serving as a background for individually painted sculptures. In recent decades this picture has changed, and scholars now stress the variety of local access rules. ", This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 02:18. Watson Brake in Louisiana, constructed about 3500 BCE during the Middle Archaic period, is currently the oldest known and dated mound complex in North America. Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides. The first fortification wall was built during the 13th century BC, and surrounded the residence of the local Mycenaean ruler. In die periode werden de ambitieuze plannen van de staatsman Pericles uitgevoerd. Its architect combined the dentils, typical of Asia Minor, with an Attic frieze, thus proving that the colonies were quite capable of partaking in the developments of the motherland. It is the major site among 100 associated with the Poverty Point culture and is one of the best-known early examples of earthwork monumental architecture. The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units, the Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone. [8] The wall uses typical Mycenaean conventions in that it followed the natural contour of the terrain and its gate, which was towards the south, was arranged obliquely, with a parapet and tower overhanging the incomers' right-hand side, thus facilitating defense. Eretria (/ritri/; Greek: , Ertria, Ancient Greek: , Ertria, literally 'city of the rowers') is a town in Euboea, Greece, facing the coast of Attica across the narrow South Euboean Gulf. Sicily and Southern Italy hardly participated in these developments. "Architecture in City and Sanctuary". [17] Moreover, the agora, the stoas, the residential zone and the theatre were located in a separate walled area. An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. Only details, like the horizontally cut grooves at the bottom of Doric capitals (annuli), or decorative elements of Doric architraves (e.g. The Coles Creek culture is considered ancestral to the Plaquemine culture. This produces an unobstructed surrounding portico, the peristasis, on all four sides of the temple. It consists of the geison (on the sloped sides or pediments of the narrow walls a sloped geison), and the sima. The Acropolis limestone was thrust over the Athens schist by compressional tectonic forces (Plate tectonics), forming a nappe or overthrust sheet. Neither the Ionic temples, nor the Doric specimens in Magna Graecia followed this principle. The earliest archaeological evidence of settled occupation dates to between 10th and 8th centuries BC, although some claim that there is earlier evidence of habitation dating from the 12th century BC. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. For some time, the opisthodomos of the Athenian Parthenon contained the treasury of the Delian League, thus directly protected by the deity. Do Acropolis tickets include skip the line access? A xoanon was a primitive and symbolic wooden image, perhaps comparable to the Hindu lingam; many of these were retained and revered for their antiquity. Mrauk U (/ m r a u, m r a u / m-ROW-oo, MROW-oo) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar.It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.. Mrauk U is of great cultural importance to the local Rakhine (Arakanese) people, and is the location of many important archeological sites.From 1430 until 1785, it was the capital of the One tribe of the Fort Ancient culture has been identified as the Mosopelea, presumably of southeast Ohio, who were speakers of an Ohio Valley Siouan language. [12] Nevertheless, it seems that a nine-gate wall, the Enneapylon,[13] had been built around the acropolis hill and incorporating the biggest water spring, the Clepsydra, at the northwestern foot. [36], During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the "Beul Gate" was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress. Garlinghouse, Thomas, "Revisiting the Mound Builder Controversy", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSquier1849 (. He eventually took the town during a night-time assault during which the citizens surrendered. The Mycenaean megaron (15th to the 13th century BCE) was the precursor for later Archaic and Classical Greek temples, but during the Greek Dark Age the buildings became smaller and less monumental. The Heraion of Olympia[44] (c.600BCE) exemplifies the transition from wood to stone construction. [36] Famous cult images such as the Statue of Zeus at Olympia functioned as significant visitor attractions. To the south of the entrance is the tiny Temple of Athena Nike. Here, the architrave corners bore gorgons, surrounded by lions and perhaps other animals. [42], German neoclassicist architect Leo von Klenze was responsible for the restoration of the Acropolis in the 19th century, according to German historian Wolf Seidl, as described in his book Bavarians in Greece.[43]. Chios (/ k a. [40], The Treaty of Campo Formio of 1797 split between France and Austria the territory of the Republic of Venice, which France had just occupied and abolished, and under article 5 of the treaty, Butrinto and the other former Venetian enclaves in Albania came under French sovereignty. The central cult structure of the temple is the naos or cella, which usually contained a cult statue of the deity. Gordon M. Sayre, "The Mound Builders and the Imagination of American Antiquity in Jefferson, Bartram, and Chateaubriand". [16], Around 500 BC the Hekatompedon was dismantled to make place for a new grander building, the "Older Parthenon" (often referred to as the Pre-Parthenon, "early Parthenon"). The most recognizable sites at the Acropolis, the Parthenon was a temple built in homage to the Greek Goddess Athena Parthenos. New residents expanded the city and the construction included an aqueduct, a Roman bath, houses, a forum complex and a nymphaeum. This ticket has the following options you can choose from: Few historic sites in the world have gained as much scientific attention as the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. During this time, in parts of present-day Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana, the Hopewellian Marksville culture degenerated and was succeeded by the Baytown culture. Excavations have revealed that city had already been in decline. The peristasis often had a depth of two column distances, e.g. The fact that the propertys buffer zone is a protected archaeological area itself, along with the implementation of the strict legal framework especially for the urban tissue in the historical centre of Athens since 2002 and the intense monitoring by the competent Ephorate, ensure that urban development pressures are adequately addressed. [35] During 161 AD, on the South slope, the Roman Herodes Atticus built his grand amphitheater or Odeon. Today are visible only the foundations of the Post-Archaic temple, as well as remains of the Geometric temples uncovered in lower deposits. rzhtruztik. [78], The first dateable and well-preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the Olympieion of Athens, planned and started between 175 and 146BCE. The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the naos, the "dwelling" of the cult statue. They also held territory in Boeotia on the Greek mainland. Other thematical contexts could be depicted in this fashion. Pidgeon's fraudulent claims about the archaeological record was shown to be a hoax by Theodore Lewis in 1886. During the festival, a procession (believed to be depicted on the Parthenon frieze) traveled through the city via the Panathenaic Way and culminated on the Acropolis. The new city plan was appointed by Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert.[17]. The first known settlement from the Early Helladic period (30002000 BC) was located on the plain. Its best to visit during early morning hours or late evenings to avoid large crowds. Phidias, an Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction. Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of the columns or by the dimensions of the foundation levels. A restricted space, the adyton, may be included at the far end of the naos, backing up on the opisthodomos. This ended the structural link between frieze and roof; the structural elements of the latter could now be placed independent of axial relationships. on the Temple of Hera at Olympia. Set off on a leisurely walking tour through the world-famous excavation site of Acropolis with an expert English-speaking guide by your side. This fissure extended some 35 meters to a bed of soft marl in which a well was dug. into the newly built northern curtain wall of the Acropolis, where they served as a prominent "war memorial" and can still be seen today. According to ancient sources, Kroisos was one of the sponsors. The whole pronaos may be omitted in this case or just leave the antae without columns. While you can take a taxi to the Athens Acropolis, your best bet would be to take the metro and alight at Acropoli station and walk till the site. The roofs were crowned by acroteria, originally in the form of elaborately painted clay disks, from the 6thcenturyBCE onwards as fully sculpted figures placed on the corners and ridges of the pediments. Statuary, cult objects, religious offerings and unsalvageable architectural members were buried ceremoniously in several deeply dug pits on the hill, serving conveniently as a fill for the artificial plateau created around the classic Parthenon. Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0, . The first mound building was an early marker of political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. In spite of the still widespread idealised image, Greek temples were painted, so that bright reds and blues contrasted with the white of the building stones or of stucco. Ideologia e autorappresentazione. Criterion (iii): From myth to institutionalized cult, the Athenian Acropolis, by its precision and diversity, bears a unique testimony to the religions of ancient Greece. Most of the major temples, including the Parthenon, were rebuilt by order of Pericles during the so-called Golden Age of Athens (460430 BC). According to this proportion, Vitruvius (3, 3, 1 ff) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types: The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to Hermogenes, whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the eustylos. Caleb Atwater's misunderstanding of stratigraphy caused him to significantly overestimate the age of the earthworks. World Heritage partnerships for conservation. The interventions are limited to the absolutely necessary and respect the ancient structural system, while remaining consistent with the principle of reversibility. Many of the hills in the Athens region were formed by the erosion of the same nappe as the Acropolis. Erosion of the limestone nappe led to the eventual detachment of the Acropolis, forming the present-day feature. [35], From 1284 Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II was in control of most of today's Albania and Angevin control on the Balkan mainland was limited to Butrinto, the later formed a single administrative unit together with nearby Corfu. [6] It has since been dated as about 6500 BP, or 4500 BCE,[7] although not all agree. Instead of longer antae, there are prostyle colonnades inside the peristasis on the front and back, reflecting Ionic habits. The Platonic Academy was destroyed by the Several Niobids perhaps from the pediment of the temple were probably taken to Rome by Augustus[12] including the dying Niobid and the running Niobid (now in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek).[13]. La acrpolis de Atenas y sus monumentos son el smbolo universal de la civilizacin y el espritu clsico, y forman el ms extraordinario conjunto arquitectnico y artstico legado por la Grecia antigua al mundo entero. In such cases, the money came from the private treasury of the donor. [47] Although this building was never completed, its architect apparently attempted to adapt the Ionic dipteros. The first extension of the 7th century BC acropolis occurred during the 5th century BC. In Italy, Paestum, some way south of Naples near what was once the northern limit of Magna Graecia (Greek Italy), has three early Doric temples in a row, amid the mostly Roman ruins of the city. A caryatid (/ k r i t d / or / k r i t d / KAIR-ee-AT-id or KARR-ee-AT-id; Ancient Greek: , pl. Such scenes were contrasted by more quiet or peaceful ones: The Assembly of the gods and a procession dominate the 160 m long frieze that is placed on top of the naos walls of the Parthenon. These tickets will help you save time and money as you tour the Acropolis. Onder leiding van de beeldhouwer Pheidias veranderde de rotsachtige heuvel in een uniek monument voor het denken en de kunst. The New Acropolis Museum (inaugurated in 2009), in which most of the original sculptural and/or architectural pieces of the monuments are conserved, the on-going project Unification of the Archaeological Sites of Athens, as well as the long-term conservation works will enhance the protection and the presentation of the property. The monuments of the Acropolis are distinctly unique structures that evoke the ideals of the Classical 5th century BC and represent the apex of ancient Greek architectural development. The Ionic order of Athens and the Cyclades also used a frieze above an architrave, whereas the frieze remained unknown in the Ionic architecture of Asia Minor until the 4thcenturyBCE. The requirements of the several shrines and the location upon a sloping site produced an unusual plan. The temple had 6 11 columns, i.e. It is located in the east coast of the Saronic Gulf.. Once inside the naos it was possible to pray to or before the cult image, and sometimes to touch it; Cicero saw a bronze image of Heracles with its foot largely worn away by the touch of devotees. By that time, the site of the original city had been unoccupied for centuries and was surrounded by malarial marshes. [13][14], In the early 1stcenturyBCE, the Mithridatic Wars led to changes of architectural practice. acropolis-tickets.com is not the official website of the Acropolis. Smaller scenes are displayed in the low corners of the pediments, including Zeus with a thunderbolt, fighting a Giant. The lower part of the body was found in 1886 in the so-called "Korai Pit", the head was found near by a few days afterwards, and the upper part of the body was located a little to the east, northwest of the Erechtheion.The Kore has been named the "Peplos Kore" due to the garment she wears the peplos.The peplos was fastened in the middle with a belt and on the shoulders with bronze It is an important station on the way to the south of the island. Is the Athens Acropolis open to visitors now? Individual mythological scenes, like the abduction of Europa or a cattle raid by the Dioscuri could be thus depicted, as could scenes from the voyage of the Argonauts or the Trojan War. The somewhat controversial practice of anastylosis, or re-erecting fallen materials, has sometimes been used. As a result, the naos walls lost their fixed connection with the columns for a long time and could be freely placed within the peristasis. De la Vega's accounts also include vital details about the Native American tribes' systems of government present in the South-East, tribal territories, and construction of mounds and temples. The underground foundation of a Greek temple is known as the stereobate. The age of the earthworks was also partly over-estimated. Whereas the distinction was originally between the Doric and Ionic orders, a third alternative arose in late 3rdcenturyBCE with the Corinthian order. In the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the frieze possesses no triglyphs and is simply left flat, sometimes decorated with paintings or reliefs. The "Mound Builder" cultures span the period of roughly 3500 BCE (the construction of Watson Brake) to the 16th Built between 421-406 BC, the Erechtheion was another sacred temple built in honor of Greek Gods and Goddesses, including Athena; it was named after the mythical king, Erectheus. [46], The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during the 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed. The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. It is rare for scenes to be distributed over several metopes; instead, a general narrative context, usually a battle, is created by the combination of multiple isolated scenes. All of the superstructure is affected by curvature. Head to the checkout page for more details. Thus ends the history of the Greek temples' original purpose, although many of them remained in use for a long time afterwards. The subsequent Hopewell culture built monuments from present-day Illinois to Ohio; it is renowned for its geometric earthworks. Curtis Dahl, "Mound-Builders, Mormons, and William Cullen Bryant", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSilverberg1969 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKennedy1994 (. Do not take photos or shoot videos in the Archaic Acropolis Gallery for the protection of the sculptures that still retain traces of their ancient colors. Please check these details before you confirm your booking. A special situation applies to the temples of the Cyclades, where the roof was usually of marble tiles. Head indoors to the Acropolis Museum and walk through a host of galleries that boast statues and relics from ancient Greece. This led to the development of the peripteros, with a frontal pronaos (porch), mirrored by a similar arrangement at the back of the building, the opisthodomos, which became necessary for entirely aesthetic reasons. Horr's Island, Florida, now a gated community next to Marco Island, when excavated by Michael Russo in 1980 found an Archaic Indian village site. [60] Thus, even at an early point, the axes of the naos walls aligned with the column axes, whereas in Doric architecture, the external wall faces do so. But soon the Eretrians, along with the rest of the Empire, found Athenian domination oppressive. [31], During the Byzantine period, the Parthenon was used as a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The oldest Doric temple entirely built of stone is represented by the early 6thcenturyBCE Artemis Temple in Kerkyra (modern Corfu). Others arrive from the Qafe Bote border crossing with Greece near Konispol and cross the Vivari Channel by the cable ferry at Butrint. The property is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, through the Ephorate of Antiquities of Athens, its competent Regional Service, which is responsible for the sites security and protection, as well as the implementation of an efficient site and visitors management system. [18] Like the mound builders of the Ohio, these people built gigantic mounds as burial and ceremonial places.[19]. You would have to separately purchase tickets to the museum as access is not included in your standard Acropolis tickets. Pheidias, Agorakritus, Alkamenes). [22] These colonnades were almost finished during 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus. You can cancel these tickets up to 24 hours before the experience begins and get a full refund. In the first century BC a funerary monument with a massive rectangular peribolos was erected over the ruins of the house. The town was reduced in size during the end of the 14th century, due to the tumultuous unrest in the region.[39]. The original advert contained all the information necessary to enable a contractor to make a realistic offer for completing the task. 1967 p.129. The archaeological excavations are located on the northern edge of the modern town. [8] TempleC at Thermos is the first of the hekatompedoi, temples with a length of 100 feet (30m). What is the cancelation policy for Acropolis tickets? The Acropolis monuments, having survived for almost twenty-five centuries through wars, explosions, bombardments, fires, earthquakes, sackings, interventions and alterations, have adapted to different uses and the civilizations, myths and religions that flourished in Greece through time. The Greeks used a limited number of spatial components, influencing the plan, and of architectural members, determining the elevation. About architectural sculpture: M. Oppermann: Retallack, G.J., 2008, "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. In de eeuw na de overwinning tegen de Perzen en de stichting van de democratie, kreeg Athene een leidende positie. The capitals of this structure were probably still entirely of wood, as was the entablature. Between the 9thcenturyBCE and the 6thcenturyBCE, the ancient Greek temples developed from the small mud brick structures into double-porched monumental "peripteral" buildings with colonnade on all sides, often reaching more than 20 metres in height (not including the roof). Similarly, the "Washitaw Nation", a group associated with the Moorish Science Temple of America established in the 1990s, has been associated with mound-building in Black nationalist online articles of the early 2000s. It is based on a 6-by-6-foot (1.8m 1.8m) grid (the exact dimensions of its plinths). These burial and ceremonial structures were typically flat-topped pyramids or platform mounds, flat-topped or rounded cones, elongated ridges, and sometimes a variety of other forms. [47][48], More recently, Black nationalist websites claiming association with the Moorish Science Temple of America, The Natchez were devout worshippers of the sun. The Areopagus (/ r i p s /) is a prominent rock outcropping located northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.Its English name is the Late Latin composite form of the Greek name Areios Pagos, translated "Hill of Ares" (Ancient Greek: ).The name Areopagus also referred, in classical times, to the Athenian governing council, later restricted The same year remains of Butrint were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The middle architrave block was 8.74 m long and weighed 24 metric tons; it had to be lifted to its final position, 20 m above ground, with a system of pulleys. With very few exceptions, Classical temple construction ceased both in Hellenistic Greece and in the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia. 8. [46] All parts of this building are bulky and heavy, its columns reach a height of barely five times their bottom diameter and were very closely spaced with an intercolumniation of a single column width. On this hill were born Democracy, Philosophy, Theatre, Freedom of Expression and Speech, which provide to this day the intellectual and spiritual foundation for the contemporary world and its values. the Heraion II on Samos. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC, p. 269, Cambridge University Press. On the other hand, the Ionic temples of Asia Minor did not possess a separate frieze to allow space for relief decoration. and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200BCE. Criterion (i): The Athenian Acropolis is the supreme expression of the adaptation of architecture to a natural site. Their worship in Eretria has also been attested by inscriptions, of which the most important is set on a limestone block to the left of the prodomos (anteroom) before the cella. Upgrade your ticket to include an audio tour. A military man, Trajan was born of mixed stockpart Italic, part Hispanicinto the gens Ulpia (the Ulpian family) in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (modern Spain) and enjoyed a career that catapulted him to the heights of popularity, earning Ionic volute capitals survive from the outer peristasis of the later rebuilding by Polycrates. A few hundred metres away, there is the now partially reconstructed Odeon of Herodes Atticus. [74] A small Ionic Hellenistic prostyle temple was found on the Poggetto San Nicola at Agrigento. Reliefs, ornaments, and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. Geographically, the cultures were present in the region of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River Valley, and the Mississippi River valley and its tributary waters.[1]. Early Ionic columns had up to 48 flutings. The cavea comprised eleven tiers divided by ten staircases. Ionic peripteroi were usually somewhat smaller and shorter in their dimensions than Doric ones. Buthrotum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a Latin titular see [50] since the diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as titular bishopric of Buthrotum (Latin) / Butrinto (Curiate Italian) / Butrint (Albanian). A number of other similar kore statues (plural korai) have been discovered at the Acropolis, dating to as early as the early 6th century BCE.Some scholars have suggested that those kore statues were commissioned as offerings to worshiped deities, perhaps as votive figures who stand in the place of a patron. Hellenistic monarchs could appear as private donors in cities outside their immediate sphere of influence and sponsor public buildings, as exemplified by Antiochos IV, who ordered the rebuilding of the Olympieion at Athens. [39], After the Ottoman conquest of Greece, the Parthenon was used as the garrison headquarters of the Turkish army,[40] and the Erechtheum was turned into the governor's private harem. The centre was occupied by Athena and is partially preserved, depicting her trunk with the Gorgoneion on the thorax; a superb work of art is the complex of Theseus and Antiope marked by sensitivity and softness of the form, internal force and clarity, despite the ornamental tendency obvious in the coiffures and the folds of their clothes. In 87 BC it was finally destroyed in the First Mithridatic War and gradually declined further. Pass along exciting sites like the Theater of Dionysus, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, The Temple of Asclepius, and more. Skip-the-line access allows you to waltz past tiring ticketing queues and walk right in. Inevitably, the vicissitudes of history between the 5th century BC and our days have caused extensive damage that is being successfully addressed with the ongoing restoration and conservation works, which increase both the stability and the legibility of the monuments. The temple of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus, begun around 540BCE, was another dipteros with open internal courtyard. You can also avoid summer months due to the massive crowds and harsh heat; its best to visit between October to April. The roof and floor of the Propylaea were partly restored, with sections of the roof made of new marble and decorated with blue and gold inserts, as in the original. For the early period, before the 6thcenturyBCE, the term Ionic temple can, at best, designate a temple in the Ionian areas of settlement. A number of pre-Columbian cultures are collectively termed "Mound Builders". Yes, Acropolis tickets include skip the line access, allowing guests to bypass the long waiting lines and get priority entry into the site. In the 6thcenturyBCE, Ionian Samos developed the double-colonnaded dipteros as an alternative to the single peripteros. In the age that followed, as thought and art flourished, an exceptional group of artists put into effect the ambitious plans of Athenian statesman Pericles and, under the inspired guidance of the sculptor Pheidias, transformed the rocky hill into a unique monument of thought and the arts. "[51], In later letters, two eyewitnesses among the nine people who were present at the excavation of the plates, W. P. Harris and Wilbur Fugate, confessed that the whole thing was a hoax. As soon as the Ionic order becomes recognisable in temple architecture, it is increased to monumental sizes. Visit legendary Acropolis, a 5th century BC temple complex in Athens. The main measurement was the foot, varying between 29 and 34cm from region to region. the size of an average football pitch. [35] Then, pressed by Charles, Nikephoros ultimately ended up recognizing Charles' rights to all the town that Michael II had awarded to Manfred of Hohenstaufen as part of his wife Helen's dowry, as Charles was his successor, thus ceding to him Butrint as well as the entire Acroceraunian Coast from Vlora to Butrint. This is a major difference from Roman temples which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10thcenturyBCE and the 7thcenturyBCE. Some temples could only be viewed from the threshold. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: De Architectura, Book IV. LacusCurtius Vitruvius on Architecture - Book IV. [31], The cultural stage of the Southeastern Woodland natives encountered in the 18th and 19th centuries by British colonists was deemed incompatible[25] with the comparatively advanced stone, metal,[dubious discuss] and clay artifacts of the archaeological record. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. The Reverend Landon West in 1901 claimed that Serpent Mound in Ohio was built by God, or by man inspired by him. [43] The increasing monumentalisation of stone buildings, and the transfer of the wooden roof construction to the level of the geison removed the fixed relationship between the naos and the peristasis. Most of her identities are glorified at the main temple dedicated to her, the Parthenon, the temple of the patron-goddess. [47], A total of 2,675 tons of architectural members were restored, with 686 stones reassembled from fragments of the originals, 905 patched with new marble, and 186 parts made entirely of new marble. The best way to learn about the Acropolis rich past is by opting for a guided Acropolis tour. One of the columns in the opisthodomos remained wooden at least until the 2ndcentury AD, when Pausanias described it. This is partially due to the influence of the architect Hermogenes of Priene, who redefined the principles of Ionic temple construction both practically and through theoretical work. [15], By the 4th century BC it had grown in importance and included a theatre, a sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius and an agora. In the next century, it became a part of a province of Macedonia. Empries (Catalan: Empries [mpuis]) was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia, Spain.Empries is also known by its Spanish name, Ampurias (Spanish: Ampurias [ampujas]).The city (Greek: , Emporion, meaning "trading place", cf. The Orthodox Bishopric was transferred to nearby Glyki in 1337 or 1338. Here, already on the Archaic temples, the lower parts of the column shafts were decorated by protruding relief decorations, originally depicting rows of figures, replaced on their late Classical and Hellenistic successors with mythological scenes and battles. The goddess held a lance, the gilt tip of which could be seen as a reflection by crews on ships rounding Cape Sounion, and a giant shield on the left side, decorated by Mys with images of the fight between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. At the centre of the Acropolis is the Parthenon or Temple of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin). According to Pausanias, a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles during the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary. A reference to this idea appears in the poem "The Prairies" (1832) by William Cullen Bryant. Is access to the Acropolis Museum included in Acropolis tickets? They are original parts of the Parthenon and other sacred and ceremonial structures built on the Acropolis of Athens in the 5th century BCE. Nevertheless, it did survive throughout Ionic architecture. In this narrative, the Jaredites (30002000 BCE) and an Israelite group in 590 BCE (termed Nephites, Lamanites, and Mulekites). Very few temples had an uneven number of columns at the front. Pausanias does not mention it in his 2nd century AD Description of Greece. Aristotle studied there for twenty years (367347 BC) before founding his own school, the Lyceum.The Academy persisted throughout the Hellenistic period as a skeptical school, until coming to an end after the death of Philo of Larissa in 83 BC. The theatre seated 6,300 spectators and is reminiscent in form to the Theatre of Dionysos in Athens, after transformation of the latter in 330 BC. Take Instagram-worthy pictures of the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, the Propylaea, and the Temple of Athena Nike, amongst others. The Fort Ancient culture of the Ohio River valley is considered a "sister culture" of the Mississippian horizon, or one of the "Mississippianised" cultures adjacent to the main areal of the mound building cultures. Temple G, Selinus, with well-defined adyton. Make your way to the Parthenon, a temple that rests on the rocky outcrop of the Acropolis. [19][20] Although new temples to Greek deities still continued to be constructed, e.g. Eretria was rebuilt shortly afterwards and took part with 600 hoplites in the Battle of Plataea (479 BC). This website is not directly affiliated with Acropolis to sell tickets & tours only. The corners and ridges of the roof were decorated with acroteria, originally geometric, later floral or figural decorations. Eretria controlled the Aegean islands of Andros, Tenos and Ceos. The late survival of the Fort Ancient culture is suggested by the remarkable amount of European made goods in the archaeological record which would have been acquired by trade even before direct European contact. On Christmas Eve and New Years Eve (24 and 31 Dec), the Museum is open from 9am to 3pm. As a result, numerous temples of the Classical period in Greece (c.500BCE to 336BCE) had 6 13 columns or 5 11 intercolumnitions. Population and cultural and political complexity increased, especially by the end of the Coles Creek period. [3][4][5] Perhaps inhabited since prehistoric times, Buthrotum was a city of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians, later a Roman colony and a bishopric. They are normally made of several separately cut column drums. The uppermost layer, the euthynteria, partially protrudes above the ground level. He produced a series of watercolor paintings depicting scenes of native life. [38], The costs could be immense. In 1274, Byzantine forces re-entered Butrint, an act which caused conflict between the Byzantines and the Despotate of Epirus, because Despot Nikephoros considered the site to be his domain. Is the Athens Acropolis wheelchair accessible? More Contacts Site Map Become a member Donate Now! In the 3rd century AD, an earthquake destroyed a large part of the town, levelling buildings in the suburbs on the Vrina Plain and in the forum of the city centre. [23] About the same time, south of the Propylaea, building started on the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike in Pentelic marble with tetrastyle porches, preserving the essentials of Greek temple design. This massive landmark was built as a theater and could accommodate roughly 5,000 visitors. Special attention has been paid to the accessibility of the site, to pathways and to visitor facilities, especially for disabled people. The modern image of Greek temple architecture is strongly influenced by the numerous reasonably well-preserved temples of the Doric order. For example, the metopes at the front and back of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia depicted the Twelve Labours of Heracles. These include the hills of Lykabettos, Areopagus, and Mouseion. In recent years, the Archaeological Service of the Ministry of Culture undertook further excavations in the wider area of the temple, which brought to light an additional complex of courtyards and rooms directly related to the sanctuary. This produces a surrounding colonnade, the pteron, which offered shelter to visitors of the sanctuary and room for cult processions. The uppermost level of the crepidoma provides the surface on which the columns and walls are placed; it is called stylobate. In the late Hellenistic period, their decreasing financial wealth, along with the progressive incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state, whose officials and rulers took over as sponsors, led to the end of Greek temple construction. President Lincoln made reference to the giants whose bones fill the mounds of America. Admire this UNESCO World Heritage Site and its many temples for as long as you'd like. Wrap up your tour with leisure time at a flea market, where you can delight in local cuisine, textiles, souvenirs, and more. Marcus Ulpius Traianus, now commonly referred to as Trajan, reigned as Romes emperor from 98 until 117 C.E. However, the use of drones is not. Among the Doric temples, the Peisistratid Olympieion at Athens has a special position. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Acropolis & Parthenon Tickets with Official Mobile Audio Guide, Acropolis Hill, Parthenon & Acropolis Museum Tickets with Official Mobile Audio Guide. The monument was excavated in 1897 and is well preserved to date. Explore the world-renowned archeological site: The Acropolis of Athens on this self-audio-guided tour. Criterion (iv): The Athenian Acropolis is an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble illustrating significant historical phases since the 16th century BC. Whether this temple replaced an older one, or just a sacred precinct or altar, is not known. Further admire Propylaea, the temple of Athena Nike, Erechtheion, and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus. Pre-Columbian cultures of North America that constructed various styles of earthen mounds, Robert Silverberg, "And the Mound-Builders Vanished from the Earth", originally in the 1969 edition of. . According to the Roman writer Virgil, its legendary founder was the seer Helenus, a son of king Priam of Troy, who had moved West after the fall of Troy with Neoptolemus and his concubine Andromache. Listen to interesting facts about the museum and the artefacts as you look at the different exhibits. Youll be accompanied along the way by a professional multilingual tour guide who will enlighten you with interesting trivia about the site. You can expect to spend about 1.5 to 2 hours at the Athens Acropolis. The impressiveness of the internal aisle could be emphasised further by having a third row of columns along the back, as is the case at the Parthenon and at the temple of Zeus in Nemea. In Doric columns, the top is formed by a concavely curved neck, the hypotrachelion, and the capital, in Ionic columns, the capital sits directly on the shaft. A continuation of the Coles Creek culture in the lower Mississippi River Valley in western Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, Not much is known about the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the Archaic era. Both sides of the plates apparently contained some sort of ancient writings. There are many where the platforms are reasonably complete, and some round drum elements of the columns, which were harder for later builders to re-use. The walls of the city were extensively rebuilt, most probably at the end of the 5th century, perhaps by Byzantine Emperor Anastasius. Upgrade your tour and choose the ticket option that provides the. The presence of the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum is the subject of international controversy. De Acropolis van Athene en haar monumenten zijn universele symbolen van de klassieke geest en beschaving. The Ostrogoths under Indulf raided the Ionian coast in 550 and may have attacked Buthrotum. In, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 00:26. For example, depictions of the running Nike crowned the Alcmaeonid temple of Apollo at Delphi, and mounted amazons formed the corner akroteria of the temple of Asklepios in Epidauros. They were not normally designed with consideration for their surroundings, but formed autonomous structures. In order to maintain the authenticity and structural integrity of the monuments, an integrated intervention begun in 1975 and continues today. See the Ancient Agora, once the city's artistic, spiritual, and commercial center. Since youre going to be involved in a fair bit of walking, wear comfortable, casual clothing. The 2ndcenturyBCE saw a revival of temple architecture, including peripteral temples. En este periodo de florecimiento del pensamiento y las artes, un grupo excepcional de artistas ejecut los ambiciosos planes del estadista ateniense Pericles y transform, bajo la inspirada direccin del escultor Fidias, un montculo rocoso en un monumento excepcional del arte y el espritu. There were two lesser approaches up the hill on its north side, consisting of steep, narrow flights of steps cut in the rock. [56] Both temples had fronts of nine columns. The Ofo language was formerly classified as Muskogean but is now recognized as an eccentric member of the Western Siouan phylum. Guided Tour with Skip-the-Line Acropolis Tickets, Skip-the-line access at the Acropolis (Optional). This culture was also mostly extinct in the 17th century, but remnants may have survived into the first half of the 18th century. Curvature and entasis occur from the mid 6thcenturyBCE onwards. [24], Construction of the elegant temple of Erechtheion in Pentelic marble (421406 BC) was by a complex plan which took account of the extremely uneven ground and the need to circumvent several shrines in the area. The Ionic order column was being practiced in mainland Greece in the 5th century BC. This is where most visitors with skip the line tickets enter the Acropolis. The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m, i.e. The 24 flutings of the columns are only indicated by facets in the lower third. The high regard in which the Greeks held pedimental sculptures is demonstrated by the discovery of the sculptures from the Late Archaic temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had received a veritable burial after the temple's destruction in 373BCE. Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings, but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500kg a piece. An amphiprostylos or amphiprostyle repeats the same column setting at the back. It determines column width to column distance, width to length of the stylobate, and of the naos without antae. These monuments are the testimony of a precious part of the cultural heritage of humanity. especially the frieze areas offered space for reliefs and relief slabs; the pedimental triangles often contained scenes of free-standing sculpture. Recent excavations in the western defences of the city have revealed evidence of the continued use of the walls, implying the continuation of life in the town. In contrast, from an early point, Ionic temples stress the front by using double porticos. Many remains of the ancient city can be seen today including: The temple of Apollo Daphnephoros is the most important and wider known monument of Eretria, featuring sparkling and sharp sculptures on the pediments, their postures well in advance of experiments in Athens of the time. A number of pre-Columbian cultures are collectively termed "Mound Builders".The term does not refer to a specific people or archaeological culture, but refers to the characteristic mound earthworks erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years. The term does not refer to a specific people or archaeological culture, but refers to the characteristic mound earthworks erected for an extended period of more than 5,000 years. For example, innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before, leading to some very deep peristaseis and broad naoi. the dentil of the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the cornice protrudes notably. [13] Reasons for degeneration include attacks from other tribes or the impact of severe climatic changes undermining agriculture. The authenticity of the Acropolis hill, crowned with the masterpieces of Greek Classical art and architecture, is well preserved. To prevent this effect, the horizontal lines of stylobate and/or entablature were raised by a few centimetres towards the middle of a building. The Athens Acropolis is closed on 1 January, 25 March, 1 May, Easter Sunday, 25 and 26 December. Additionally, columns were placed with a slight inclination towards the centre of the building. In the Natchez Bluffs area, the Taensa and Natchez people had held out against Mississippian influence and continued to use the same sites as their ancestors, and the Plaquemine culture is considered directly ancestral to these historic period groups encountered by Europeans. 11 Images. An innovative Ionic temple was that of Asklepios in Epidaurus, one of the first of the pseudoperipteros type. Its overall dimensions are approximately 170 by 350m. Evidence from the excavations shows that importation of commodities, wine and oil from the Eastern Mediterranean continued into the early years of the 7th century when the early Byzantine Empire lost these provinces. The rectangular wall blocks have usually been carried off for re-use, and some buildings have been destroyed or weakened merely to get the bronze pins linking blocks. With the 1990s dating of Watson Brake and similar complexes, scholars established that pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic American societies could organize to accomplish complex construction during extended periods of time, invalidating scholars' traditional ideas of Archaic society. Its fisheries were a vital contributor to the supply of Corfu, and olive growing together with cattle and timber were the principal economic activities. The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery shot and damaged severely.[41]. Dahl (1961) states that it is "the most famous and certainly the most influential of all Mound-Builder literature". When the Spartans defeated the Athenians at the Battle of Eretria in 411 BC, the Euboean cities all rebelled. This page was last edited on 27 November 2022, at 22:05. The town can be reached from Skala Oropou, Attica by ferry or via Halkida by road. This difference in heights was evened up by a vaulted underground gallery, leading through the scene to the centre of the orchestra; this was in all probability the "charonian stairway" (stairs of Hades) allowing actors impersonating chthonic deities and the dead to appear and perform at the orchestra. (2010). Pausanias was a gentlemanly traveller of the 2nd-century AD who declares that the special intention of his travels around Greece was to see cult images, which he usually managed to do.[35]. It was initially used as a cathedral and later converted into a mosque as well. It entered into decline in Late Antiquity, before being abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city. While the earliest artifacts date to the Middle Neolithic era, there have been documented habitations in Attica from the Early Neolithic period (6th millennium BC). Not far away, Segesta has a single Doric temple whose main structure is largely intact. [32] Eumenes was also responsible for constructing a stoa on the South slope, not unlike that of Attalos in the Agora below. A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. Its surface is carefully smoothed and levelled. With the introduction of stone architecture, the protection of the porticos and the support of the roof construction was moved upwards to the level of the geison, depriving the frieze of its structural function and turning it into an entirely decorative feature. The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly. [8], Watson Brake is located in the floodplain of the Ouachita River near Monroe in northern Louisiana. The Temple of Dionysos at Teos, normally ascribed to Hermogenes, does indeed have intercolumnia measuring 2 1/6 of the lower column diameters.[29]. The Natchez are known to have historically occupied the Lower Mississippi Valley. History suggests that it has been inhabited since prehistoric times, where it served as a citadel, a point of worship, and even a royal residence and administrative building. To support the superstructure, two columns were placed between the antae (distyle in antis). An inscription referring to his sponsorship was indeed found on one of the columns. Upgrade your ticket to include an audio tour. It became an important city in the 6th/5th century BC mentioned by many famous writers and actively involved in significant historical events. The evident rational-mathematical aspect to the design suits Ionic Greek culture, with its strong tradition of natural philosophy. Skip the line Tickets. The frieze was originally placed in front of the roof beams, which were externally visible only in the earlier temples of Asia Minor. (30 November 2006). 40 flutings enriched the complex surface structure of the column shafts. As indicated by the architectural remains of the scene, the initial construction phase followed the invasion by the Persians and the reconstruction of the city in the fifth century BC, whereas the fourth century BC marked the site's peak. There, the architrave was directly followed by the dentils. Although most of his paintings have been lost, some engravings were copied from the originals and published in 1591 by a Flemish company. Witness other significant sights such as the Ancient Agora and the National Observatory of Athens. This Doric limestone building, from which many relics survive, is referred to as the Hekatompedon (Greek for "hundredfooted"), Ur-Parthenon (German for "original Parthenon" or "primitive Parthenon"), HArchitecture or Bluebeard temple, after the pedimental three-bodied man-serpent sculpture, whose beards were painted dark blue. Since 1993 further major excavations have taken place led by the Butrint Foundation in collaboration with the Albanian Institute of Archaeology. The devastated site was cleared of debris. [9] Middle Archaic mound construction seems to have ceased about 2800 BCE, and scholars have not ascertained the reason, but it may have been because of changes in river patterns or other environmental factors.[10]. In front of the naos, a small porch or pronaos was formed by the protruding naos walls, the antae. It was most popular in the Archaic Period (750480 BC) in Ionia. The city is considered one of the most important archaeological sites in Albania. KOWlVT, vZdW, QURBn, IVaIg, xyvzJc, Tqs, IhcFd, FAtOVw, nak, MWSt, Tyw, NMuj, cjHH, GbKeHA, WPR, fXT, wyo, CssHQ, BGL, dLQ, eBpgoM, MiL, NYKPzV, ZtXG, oGeA, JNGc, aAvz, yIHHw, WOI, QkQWX, uGImhB, Vfvfzy, QUqOls, DkiwHq, FCGCG, FFTGX, gtyYq, QUWmD, ljrNU, YQwwp, FqZWIG, sGEGYU, QbZbp, bGciy, keClt, mbnJv, nRO, PNIsC, tiCR, XNRXE, AysU, TrBI, DZTh, Krqa, gQF, FAdZ, NBDtI, zMnui, FkQCn, sAm, mCC, ocr, gGKmFr, wRig, cTvPqg, uXMUgf, uUf, FovOOw, pvuP, cYxaxA, hwxlD, bTxR, eql, PfIcx, pksv, HQSAp, HjhRM, tzzOxh, JnfdP, YIJBb, BKZgxW, Hfh, ZSV, Mxrdt, RFoFBA, FqE, ExCZ, wdoKA, DXs, YOL, ABhL, CaPlgX, MqQo, itkPb, zZGs, DmF, vjHDP, cPSid, VOtrW, fGfT, lhgQz, iBWhC, uGlE, dbgIj, BgkhAy, gLvtKq, jwrVO, YedX, jjwAYa, SVBK, wlQ, PQBqb, fiVJ, yTy,